ABSTRACT
Aims: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by various aerobic and anaerobic bacteria have been reported from many developed and developing countries of the world. However, there is limited data available on the association of these pathogens with STDs on the Indian sub-continent. Therefore, the aim of this is to the presence of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in sexually transmitted infections. Study Design: Patients attending the Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Calcutta Medical College & Hospital, suspected to be suffering from STDs, were thoroughly examined and those having typical lesions of chancroid were excluded Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(27): 4533-4541, 2014 4534 from further work. The prevalence of different aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was determined from among the remaining patients after ruling out cases of chancres. Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out in the Department of Oral Medicine, R. Ahmed Dental College; Department of Dermatalogy, Venereology & Leprology, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University and Department of Microbiology, Herbicure Healthcare Bio-Herbal Research Foundation, Kolkata, for a period of seven months from April 1 to October 31, 2012. Methodology: At least two smears were prepared from the infected ulcers of each of the patients who were not diagnosed as of chancroid. One smear was for dark ground microscopy and the other for Gram’s staining. Confirmation of chancre was by serological testing, while aerobes/anaerobes were identified following standard procedures. Results: The organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Gardenerella vaginalis, Actinomyces spp, Veillonella purvula, Peptococcus heliotrinreducens, Peptostreptococcus magnus and Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis. These were subjected to tests for their antibiotic sensitivity pattern which was followed by successful specific therapy. Conclusion: Various Gram positive and Gram negative aerobes and anaerobes were found to be associated with STDs and these were transmissible among homosexual and heterosexual partners.
ABSTRACT
Judicious and prolonged use of 'protector' metered dose inhalers of steroid aerosol, sodium cromoglycate, both orally and nasally, and 'reliever' drugs like beta 2-agonists etc can induce a state of controlled asthma in many cases. Continued patient education programme (PEP) in a well-staffed asthma clinic is needed to achieve this state. Various aspects of PEP programme should be discussed during each visit. Presence of superstition, misconceptions, ignorance and strong bias against the use of metered-dose inhalers should be removed during PEP. Poor level of literacy, language-barrier, poverty and inadequate contingency fund for prolonged treatment in most families, poor medical infrastructure, inadequate health care facilities, overcrowding in all hospitals, insufficient para-medical staff-pattern (even in private hospitals), high cost of inhalers, tendency for early discontinuation of protector drugs, dislike for prolonged supervision and follow-up investigations, distrust for doctors, fear of social stigma, lure for homeopathy and indigenous branch of medicine for children, etc., are some of the many problems, peculiar to our country, to be faced during PEP. Because of the presence of adequate medical and primary health care services, PEP in developed and affluent Western countries is liable to differ from what is advised here.